1. Why do we actually need a
Selenium framework?
|
2. What are the advantages of using
a framework?
|
3. Characteristics of a framework.
|
4. How should you define a
framework?
|
Question : Where the results stored
in a grid environment?
|
On execution machine
|
Question : Suppose I have to
extract text using coordinates from a pdf file using java.This is required
because
i need to find text from a specific
line from a pdf file.
|
Covert pdf to HTML and find it
using Selenium or
|
Use pdfbox jar, this will extract
data from pdf
|
Question :
|
When do we use HTTP client to
automate REST calls?
|
and when to use Rest Assured? What
is the difference.
|
Are these two different ways to
automate Rest API?
|
Answer : HTTP client is a jar file which is taking
care of sending and getting the request response to ur server,
HTTP client is more open and gives
u freedom programming wise wheras REST ASSURED is a jar file which is like
BDD framework for rest api and u
have defined methods flexibilty is bit low and REST assured in turn uses HTTP
CLIENT only to test rest.
|
Question : How to check that all
clickable links on the page are removed?
|
Use tagname locator with String
"a"-> which used for links and store it as
|
List
|
then use for loop to get links.
|
for(int I=0;I<=links.size();I++)
|
{
|
Syso(links.getText(I));
|
Or
|
Syso(links.getFirst(I));
|
Or
|
Syso (links.getLast(I));
|
}
|
save every href link in list using
find elements, then check using is displayed or is enable.
|
Where we use runtime polymorphism
Method overriding in selenium webdriver?
When we use WebDriver driver =
new FirefoxDriver(); this is runtime polymorphism
Data-Driven Automation Framework
|
In this approach, each test case is
viewed as a function call to which data is fed from an external source. In
the data-driven automation framework, test data is stored in a
separate external file thus eliminating the hard coding of test data into
test scripts. Thus, it is possible to run the same test case with different
sets of test data.
|
Advantages
|
Test data is separately maintained
thus making it easier to make changes to the test script.Better test coverage
possible by using different test data for the same test case.
|
Disadvantages
|
It is not possible to test all the
real-time business functionalities of the system under test.There is no easy
way to specify which data file must be associated with which test script.It
needs the tester to have some basic programming skills in the tool that has
been chosen to automate the testing.
|
Java interview programs
|
Write a Java program to get the max number from an array?
|
int[] array = {10,20,15,50} ;
|
int big= array[0] ;
|
for(int
i=0;i
|
{
If(array[i]>big)
big=array[i]
}
Sop(big) ;
// without using any sorting
method.
What will be the output of the
below given program?
public class Test
{
static { i=5; }
static int i;
public static void main(String[]
args)
{
System.out.println("i value is
"+i);
}
}
Options:
a) 0
b) 5
c) Compilation error
d) 1
Can we have static method in
interface?
All methods in an interface are
implicitly 'public', 'abstract' but never 'static'.
Can an interface have variables?
Can these variables be transient?
All variables in an interface are
implicitly static , public and final. They cannot be transient or volatile. A
class can shadow the interface variable with its variable while implementing.
What is the use of transient
variable? Can a transient variable be static?
Transient variables are not stored
as object's persistence state and is not serialized for security. Transient
variables may not be final or static. Compilers do not give any errors as
static variables and anyways they are not serialized.
Does the 'finalize' method in
subclass invoke 'finalize' method in super class?
'Finalize' is not implicitly
chained. A 'finalize' method in sub-class should call 'finalize' in super
class explicitly as its last action for proper functioning. Compilers does
not enforce this check
What is the use of volatile
variable?
Volatile can be applied only to
variables, not for 'static' or 'final'. Declaring a variable volatile
indicates that it might be modified asynchronously, so that thread will get
correct value and used in multi-processor environment.
Can an interface be final?
Interface cannot be declared
'final' as they are implicitly 'abstract'.
Map implements collection. True or false?
False, as map does not implement
collection.
Can a class implement two
interfaces which has got methods with same name and signatures?
Yes, a class can implement two
interfaces which has got methods with same name and signatures.
Which one will throw an arithmetic
exception: a. int i = 100/0; b. float f = 100.00/0.0
b. [float f = 100.00/0.0. Float
division by zero returns NAN (not a number) instead of exception.]
Dictionary is an interface or
class?
Dictionary is a class and not an
interface.
What is the rule regarding
overriding methods throwing exceptions?
Overriding methods cannot throw
more generic exception than base method.
A class without a method can be run
by JVM if its ancestor class has 'main'. True or false?
Exception in 'finalize' method
doesn't prevent GC.
An object is resurrected by making
other object refer to the dying object in finalize method. Will this object
be ever garbage collected?
Resurrection can happen in
'finalize' method which will prevent GC to reclaim the object memory. However
this could be done only once. Next time GC will not invoke 'finalize' method
before garbage collection.
Can a class implement two
interfaces with same variable names?
If both the interface have same variable
and the variable is not declared in implementing class, the compiler will
throw an ambiguous error.
Random access file extends from
File. True/False?
False [ Random access file descends
from object and implements data input and data output.]
public static final main(String[]
args) { }is a valid method or not?
Yes it is a valid method.
public main(int number) { } is a
valid method or not?
No it is not a valid method.
Java supports both
multi-dimensional and nested arrays. True/False?
False [Java does not support
multi-dimensional arrays. It only supports nested arrays.]
If you use @Listener annotations
and create a Sample Listener for taking screenshot, there we do Method
Overriding
what is static method ?can we
access static method using object?
Static methods are
unchangeable/still method defined in a class and even main () method is
declared as static..so they belong to class level and does not require object
to call the method..
classname.methodname is enough to
call static method
Static method are defined in
class template as a member of class.when we create a object of the class, it
will create a single copy of instance variables and methods ..plus this static
method..same for 2nd object creation of class with different values but same
static method .
static method don’t need object
to be created to call them but directly call with class.
With using class name is
enough.No object needed.
Question : How to create a stub ?
This newly created stub should
behave like external system and from when we send request from internal system
it should give below response
Response: when I will send a json
payload it should give 201 status code and when I will send incorrect json
payload it should throw 400 bad request status.
Can you suggest me the approach
to develop the stub?
Question : I'm using RestAssured
to try and make some API tests like the following
private String BaseURL =
"https://api.asos.com/product/search/V1/";
private final String Accept =
"application/json";
private final String Store =
"1";
private final String Lang =
"en";
private final String Currency =
"GBP";
private final String OffSet =
"0";
private final String Q =
"red";
private final String Limit =
"10";
@Test
public void redItemRequest(){
given().queryParams("Q",Store,Lang,Currency,OffSet,Limit).
when().get(BaseURL).
then().
assertThat().statusLine(equalTo("HTTP/1.1
200 OK"));
on debug, the request is only
using the BaseUrl string to make the
request and it does not use the parameters that I specify.
Can you point out what I might be
missing or doing incorrectly and how to correct it so that the request is sent
correctly?
Introduction to Java Number
In Java language, we mostly work
with a primitive data type, but Java also provides a wrapper class under
the abstract class numbers in java.lang package, there are six subclasses under
the class ‘numbers’.
The primitive data types are
‘wrapped’ under these Java classes for their corresponding objects.
This wrapping is usually done by the compiler. When an object is converted into
primitive type than it is called Autoboxing, and when again transferred to an
object it is called Unboxing.
Example of Java Number
public class Test
{
public static void main(String
args[]) {
Integer x = 5;
// boxes int to an Integer object
x = x + 10;
// unboxes the Integer to a int
System.out.println(x);
}
}
Number Methods in Java
Java xxx xxxValue()
xxx Java Number method,
represents the primitive datatypes byte, short, int, long, float, double. This
datatype here is used to convert the Java number types into the mentioned
types.
Syntax
byte byteValue()
short shortValue()
int intValue()
long longValue()
float floatValue()
double doubleValue()
//Java program to demonstrate
xxxValue() method
public class Test{
public static void main(String[]
args)
{
// Creating a Double Class object
with value "6.9685"
Double d = new
Double("6.9685");
// Converting this Double(Number)
object to different primitive data types
byte b = d.byteValue();
short s = d.shortValue();
int i = d.intValue();
long l = d.longValue();
float f = d.floatValue();
double d1 = d.doubleValue();
System.out.println("value of
d after converting it to byte : " + b);
System.out.println("value of
d after converting it to short : " + s);
System.out.println("value of
d after converting it to int : " + i);
System.out.println("value of
d after converting it to long : " + l);
System.out.println("value of
d after converting it to float : " + f);
System.out.println("value of
d after converting it to double : " + d1);
}
}
Java int compareTo(NumberSubClass
referenceName)
This method is used to compare
the specified argument and the number object, but two different types cannot be
compared, so both the argument and the number should be of the same type.
The Reference could of the type
byte, double, float, long, or short.
Syntax
public int compareTo(
NumberSubClass referenceName )
//Java program to demonstrate
compareTo() method
public class Test{
public static void main(String[]
args)
{
// creating an Integer Class
object with value "10"
Integer i = new
Integer("10");
// comparing value of i
System.out.println(i.compareTo(8));
System.out.println(i.compareTo(10));
System.out.println(i.compareTo(11));
}
}
Java boolean equals(Object obj)
This Java Number method is used
to determine whether the number object is equal to the argument.
Syntax
public boolean equals(Object obj)
//Java program to demonstrate
equals() method
public class Test{
public static void main(String[]
args) {
// creating a Short Class object
with value "15"
Short s = new
Short("15");
// creating a Short Class object
with value "10"
Short x = 10;
// creating an Integer Class
object with value "15"
Integer y = 15;
// creating another Short Class
object with value "15"
Short z = 15;
//comparing s with other objects
System.out.println(s.equals(x));
System.out.println(s.equals(y));
System.out.println(s.equals(z));
}
}
Constructor
• An object is a section of
memory (with
variables and methods), and a
class is a
description of objects.
• The new operator calls a class’
constructor
method.
• A constructor has the same name
as the class.
• new creates a new object of
type String. It is followed by
the name of a constructor. The
constructor String() is part
of the definition for the class
String.
• Constructors often are used
with values (called parameters)
that are to be stored in the data
part of the object that is
created. In the above program,
the characters Random
Jottings are stored in the data
section of the new object.
• Constructors do not return
anything.
str1 = new String("Random
Jottings");
Java program to convert
Fahrenheit scale to Celsius
import java.util.*;
class FahrenheitCelsius {
public static void main(String[]
args) {
float temp;
Scanner inn = new
Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print(“Enter
temperatue in Fahrenheit=”);
temp= inn.nextInt();
temp = ((temp – 32)*5)/9;
System.out.println(“Temperatue in
Celsius = ” + temp);
}
}
we can switch over the elements
in frames using 3 ways.
By Index
By Name or Id
By Web Element
It is impossible to click iframe
directly through XPath since it is an iframe. First we have to switch to the
frame and then we can click using xpath.
public class SwitchToframe {
public static void main(String[]
args) throws NoSuchElementException{
WebDriver driver = new
FirefoxDriver();
driver.get("http://XYZABC.com/test/xxxhome/");
driver.manage().window().maximize();
//int size =
driver.findElements(By.tagName("iframe")).size();
/*for(int i=0; i<=size; i++){
driver.switchTo().frame(i);
int
total=driver.findElements(By.xpath("html/body/a/img")).size();
System.out.println(total);
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
//switching back from the iframe
}*/
//Commented the code for finding
the index of the element
driver.switchTo().frame(0);
//Switching to the frame
System.out.println("***We
are switched to the iframe**");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("html/body/a/img")).click();
//Clicking the element in line
with Advertisement
System.out.println("****We
are done******");
}
}
Question: Can we override static
method?
Answer:We cannot override static
methods. Static methods are belogs to class, not belongs to object. Inheritance
will not be applicable for class members
Question: What is the difference
between super() and this()?
Answer:super() is used to call
super class constructor, whereas this() used to call constructors in the same
class, means to call parameterized constructors.
What is Selenium Grid?
Selenium Grid is a tool used
together with Selenium RC to run tests on different machines against
different browsers in parallel. That is, running multiple tests at the same
time against different machines running different browsers and operating
systems.
In simple words, it is used to
distribute our test execution on multiple platforms and environments
concurrently.
When do we use Selenium Grid?
Selenium Grid can be used to
execute same or different test scripts on multiple platforms and browsers
concurrently so as to achieve distributed test execution
What are the advantages of
Selenium Grid?
It allows running test cases in
parallel thereby saving test execution time.
It allows multi-browser testing
It allows us to execute test
cases on multi-platform
What is a Framework?
A framework defines a set of
rules or best practices which we can follow in a systematic way to achieve the
desired results. There are different types of automation frameworks and the
most common ones are:
Data Driven Testing Framework
Keyword Driven Testing Framework
Hybrid Testing Framework
How many test cases you have
automated per day?
It depends on Test case scenario
complexity and length. I did automate 2-5 test scenarios per day when the
complexity is limited. Sometimes just 1 or fewer test scenarios in a day when
the complexity is high.
WindowsUtils class in Selenium
Webdriver
WindowsUtils class provides
methods to handle the process on the command prompt, with the methods present
in the WindowsUtils class we can get path details and kill process.
WindowsUtils methods will kill
only the things present on the local machine,
WindowsUtils class doesnot have
any effect on the remote machines
WindowsUtils class is present
under org.openqa.selenium.os package, all the methods present under
this package are static methods.
Methods present in WindowsUtils
Class
1. findSystemRoot()
2. findTaskKill()
3.
getEnvVarIgnoreCase(java.lang.String var)
4.
getPathsInProgramFiles(java.lang.String childPath)
5. getProgramFiles86Path()
6. getProgramFilesPath()
7. killByName(java.lang.String
name)
8. killPID(java.lang.String
processID)
9. loadEnvironment()
10. thisIsWindows()
Data-Driven Automation Framework
In this approach, each test case
is viewed as a function call to which data is fed from an external source. In
the data-driven automation framework, test data is stored in a
separate external file thus eliminating the hard coding of test data into test
scripts. Thus, it is possible to run the same test case with different sets of
test data.
Advantages
Test data is separately
maintained thus making it easier to make changes to the test script.Better test
coverage possible by using different test data for the same test case.
Disadvantages
It is not possible to test all
the real-time business functionalities of the system under test.There is no
easy way to specify which data file must be associated with which test
script.It needs the tester to have some basic programming skills in the tool
that has been chosen to automate the testing.
polymorphism is the ability by which,
we can create functions or reference variables which behaves differently in
different programmatic context.
There are two types of
Polymorphism
Compile time polymorphism (static
binding or method overloading)
Runtime polymorphism (dynamic
binding or method overriding)
Polymorphism is implemented in
Java using method overloading and method overriding concepts.
What is an exception?
An exception is thrown whenever
an unusual event occurs in Java say for instance there is an incorrect code
written it will give an unexpected result. Whenever an exceptional event
occurs, it will create a hindrance to the normal flow of the program.
Exceptional handler is that snippet of code which helps in catching and
resolving the exception.
How are the exceptions handled in
Java?
Whenever an exception occurs the
process of execution of the program is transferred to an appropriate exception
handler. The try-catch-finally block is used to handle the exceptions. The code
in which the exception may occur is enclosed in a try block, also called as a
guarded region. The catch clause matches a specific exception to a block of
code which handles that exception and the clean up code which needs to be
executed no matter the exception occurs or not is put inside the finally block.
Exceptions are defined in which
java package?
All the exceptions are subclasses
of java.lang.Exception.
What is Runtime Exception or
unchecked exception?
Runtime exception represents the
problems that occurs because of a programming problem. Such problems include
some of the following: 1. Arithmetic exceptions: eg dividing by zero 2. Pointer
exceptions: eg trying to access an object through a null reference 3. Indexing
exceptions: eg attempting to access an array element through an index that is
too large or too small. Runtime exceptions need not be explicitly caught in try
catch block as it can occur anywhere in a program and in a typical one there
can be numerous. By adding runtime exceptions in every method declaration a
program's clarity will get reduced. Thus, the compiler does not require one to
catch or specify runtime exceptions (although one can). The solution is to
rectify the programming logic wherever the exception has occurred or provide a
check.
What is a checked exception?
Checked exceptions forces the programmer
to catch them explicitly in try-catch block. It is a subclass of Exception.
Example: IOException
What is difference between an
error and exception?
An error is an irrecoverable
condition occurring at runtime say for instance 'OutOfMemory' error. These JVM
errors cannot be repaired at runtime. Though error can be caught in catch block
still the execution of application will come to a halt and is not recoverable.
On the other hand exceptions are conditions that occur because of bad input or
human error. For e.g. 'FileNotFoundException' will be thrown if the specified
file does not exist or a 'NullPointerException' will take place if one tries
using a null reference. In most of the cases it is possible to recover from an
exception (probably by giving user a feedback for entering proper values etc.)
What is the use of 'throws'
keyword?
If the function is not capable of
handling the exception then it can ask the calling method to handle it by
simply putting the 'throws' clause at the function declaration.
public void parent()
{
try
{
child();
}
catch(MyCustomException e)
{
}
}
public void child throws
MyCustomException
{
//put some logic so that the
exception occurs.
}
What is a 'throw' keyword?
'Throw' keyword is used to throw
the exception manually. It is mainly used when the program fails to satisfy the
given condition and it wants to warn the application. The exception thrown
should be subclass of 'Throwable'.
public void parent()
{
try
{
child();
}
catch(MyCustomException e)
{
}
}
public void child
{
String iAmMandatory=null;
if(iAmMandatory == null)
{
throw (new
MyCustomException("Throwing exception using throw keyword");
}
}
What are the possible
combinations to write try, catch and finally block?
1) try
{
//lines of code that may throw an
exception
}
catch(Exception e)
{
//lines of code to handle the
exception thrown in try block
}
finally
{
//the clean code which is
executed always no matter the exception occurs or not.
}
2 ) try{
} finally{ }
3 ) try{
}
catch(Exception e)
{
//lines of code to handle the
exception thrown in try block
}
The try block must be always
followed by the try block. If there are more than one catch blocks they all
must follow each other without any other block in between. The finally block
must follow the catch block if one is present. If the catch block is absent the
finally block must follow the try block.
can we create abstract class
without abstract method?
Yes.Abstact class may or may not
have abstact method but if u declare any method as abstact then class must be abstact.
What is Singleton class in java?
singleton class happens to be a
class that when the console executes it, then it will only stay ther unti the
entire class sucessfully finishes. Think it like your payment gateway,once you
enter there then you can only proceed forward,if anything fails then the entire
session fails
Can a catch block throw the
exception caught by itself ?
Yes, a catch block can throw the
exception caught by itself which is called as rethrowing of the exception by
catch block. e.g. the catch block below catches the FileNotFound exception and
rethrows it again.
void checkEx() throws
FileNotFoundException
{
try
{
//code that may throw the
FileNotFoundException
}
catch(FileNotFound eFnf)
{
throw FileNotFound();
}
}
What is an abstract class ?
These classes cannot be
instantiated and are either partially implemented or not at all implemented.
This class contains one or more
abstract methods which are simply method declarations without a body.
When is an abstract method used ?
An abstract method is declared in
the parent class when we want a class which contains a particular method but on
the other hand we want its implementation to be determind by child class.
Can an interface be extended by
another interface in Java ?
An interface can be extended by
another interface in Java.
The code for the same would be
like as shown below:
// this interface extends from
the Body interface:
public interface FourLegs extends
Body
{
public void walkWithFourLegs( );
}
Differentiate an Interface and an
Abstract class.
An abstract class may have many
instance methods which sport default behavior.
On the other hand, an interface
cannot implement any default behaviour.
However, it can declare different
constants and instance methods.
Whereas an interface has all the
public members, an abstract class contains only class members like private,
protected and so on.
What is a marker interface?
Marker interface is an interface
with no fields or methods in Java.
Uses of marker interface are as
follows:
• We use marker interface to tell
java compiler to add special behavior to the class implementing it.
• Java
marker interface has no members in it.
•It is implemented by classes in
order to get some functionality.
For instance when we want to save
the state of an object then we can implement serializable interface.
what is static method ?can we
access static method using object?
Static methods are
unchangeable/still method defined in a class and even main () method is
declared as static..so they belong to class level and does not require object
to call the method.
classname.methodname is enough to
call static method
